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TIPS FOR SHOPPING PART II

Hey guys, it's just some suggestion for you who allways shopping, hope it may help you to stop it...

  1.  Always go with a list. If you go without a list, you may as well just throw your money away. Better yet, donate it to me — I probably need it more than you. :) Seriously, though, you need to prepare a list of everything you need, pulling from your weekly menu (next tip) and checking to make sure you don’t have it in your pantry, fridge or freezer. Make sure you’re not forgetting anything. Now stick to that list.
  2. Plan out a weekly menu. This is the best way to ensure that your list is complete, and that you have enough to serve your family dinner for the week. I often plan a weekly menu and then duplicate it for the next week — this way I can shop for two weeks at once. Be sure to plan a leftovers night.
  3. Don’t go when you’re hungry. This is a common tip, but it’s true: when you’re hungry, you want to buy all kinds of junk. You’ll end up spending a lot more. Eat a good meal first, and you’ll be more likely to stick to your list.
  4. Have a budget. When I go to the store, I know exactly how much I can spend. Then I try my best to stick within that limit. If you don’t know how much you can spend, you’ll certainly spend too much.
  5. Do a rough running tally. Related to the above tip, if you want to stay within your budget, it’s best to know where you’re at. Then, when you can see you’re going to go above it, you can decide whether you really need that 10-lb. box of bon bons. I keep a running tally on my grocery list, just rounding off so I can do some quick math. An item costs $1.85? I say $2. Then I don’t need a calculator or all those complicated math skills.
  6. Keep a list on your fridge, and write things down immediately. When you run out of something, don’t leave it to your memory. Jot it down immediately, and you’ll never have to run back to the store because you don’t have eggs.
  7. Make a pantry checklist. Make a checklist of everything you normally stock in your pantry. Keep it posted on the pantry. Put a slash next to each item for the number of items you have (if you have two cans of stewed tomatoes, put two slashes). Then, when you use something, turn the slash into an x. This makes it much easier when it comes time to make your list.
  8. Keep things stocked for quick-n-easy meals. Easy meals for us might be spaghetti or mac-n-cheese or a quick stir-fry. We’ve always got the ingredients on hand, so we can whip something up fast when we’re feeling lazy.
  9. Buy in bulk when it makes sense. If you can save money, over the course of a month or two, by buying in bulk, plan to do so. But be sure that you’re going to use all of it before it gets bad — it isn’t cheaper to buy in bulk if you don’t use it.
  10. Keep your receipts, then enter into a spreadsheet. This will be your price list. Use it so you know when bulk or sale items are a good deal. It’s also a great way to comparison shop between stores — buy your baking goods in Store A but your fresh fruits in Store B. The spreadsheet can also serve as a checklist to use when you’re compiling your shopping list.
  11. Buy frozen veggies. While fresh veggies are a little better, frozen veggies are almost as good, and much better than nothing. And since you can keep them in the freezer, they rarely go bad.
  12. When you’re running low, write it down. Don’t wait until you run out. when you see there’s only three toilet paper rolls left, put it on your list. Because when you run out, it will be too late. :)
  13. Cut back on meat. Meat is expensive. We have vegetarian meals several times a week (think pasta or chili) and for other meals, you could just use a little meat as a kind of seasoning instead of the main ingredient — think Asian, Indian and other such cultural food. Actually, I eat vegetarian all the time, but the wife and kids do a little of each.
  14. Pack your own lunch snacks. Buying pre-made snacks is convenient, but a big waste of money. Buy little baggies and buy the snacks in bulk, then it will take just a few minutes to pack some snacks for lunch each day.
  15. Make leftovers for lunch. Plan to cook a bit extra for each dinner, so that you’ll have leftovers for your lunch and for the kids’ lunches. Pack it right away, after dinner, so you don’t have to worry about it in the morning.
  16. Cook a lot, then freeze. Alternatively, you can cook a whole mess of spaghetti (for example) and freeze it for multiple dinners. A great idea is to use one Sunday and cook a week’s (or even a month’s) worth of dinners. Plan 5-6 freezable dinners and cook them all at once.
  17. Always have batteries, toilet tissue and light bulbs. And other necessities that you always seem to run out of — buy a whole bunch when they’re on sale, or buy in bulk. Be sure to check to see if you have these items before you go to the store.
  18. Try crock pot dinners. We discovered these in the last year, and they are easy and cheap and tasty. Cut up a bunch of ingredients, throw them in the pot in the morning, and have dinner ready for you when you get home. Can anything be more perfect than that? I submit that it cannot.
  19. Clip coupons. I know, sometimes they seem like too much trouble. But it’s not really that hard to clip a few coupons and toss them in a coupon envelop to take on your grocery shopping trip. And you can save 10-20% of your bottom line with coupons. Check store entrances, newspaper and flyers for coupons.
  20. Only use coupons for items you were already planning to buy. Don’t let them trick you into buying something that’s not on your list, just to “save” money.
  21. Look for specials. Every store has specials. Be sure to look for them in the newspaper, or when you get to the store (they often have unadvertised specials — look on the higher and lower shelves for deals). Don’t buy them unless they’re things you always use.
  22. Try the store brands. Brand names are often no better than generic, and you’re paying for all the advertising they do to have a brand name. Give the store brand a try, and often you won’t notice a difference. Especially if it’s an ingredient in a dish where you can’t taste the quality of that individual ingredient.
  23. Cut back on your “one-item” trips. They waste gas, and almost inevitably, you buy more than that one item. If you plan ahead, make a weekly menu, and shop with a list, this should drastically reduce the number of trips you make for a small number of items. But if you still find yourself running out for a few items, analyze the reason — are you not making a good list, are you forgetting some items from your list? Stock up on the things you frequently go out for.
  24. Sugar cereals are a bad buy. Lots of money for no nutrition. Look for whole grain cereals with low sugar. Add fruit for better flavor.
  25. Be watchful at the register. Keep an eye on the scanner — you’ll keep the cashier on his toes, and catch any mis-priced items.
  26. When there’s a sale, stock up. Sale items can be a great deal. If it’s an item you normally use, buy a bunch of them.
  27. Comparison shop. Look at the different brands for a certain type of product, including store brands. Sometimes there will be a significant difference. Be sure you’re comparing apples to apples — you need to divide the price by the amount (ounces, pounds, etc.) in order to get the comparable unit price.
  28. Go during slow times. One of my favorite times to shop is late at night. But during working hours or other non-peak times is good too. Avoid right after 5 p.m., on paydays and near major holidays.
  29. Know when the store stocks its fresh fruits and veggies. In my area, that makes a big difference. Fruits and veggies can go bad quickly, because they have to be shipped. So I know that the store re-stocks on Thursdays, and so I usually go on Thursdays or Fridays, otherwise I’ll be getting old items.
  30. Plan one big trip a month for bulk staples. You can get fresh items at another store on other weeks, but doing a big bulk trip will cut back on the expense and amount you have to carry for the other three weeks. Avoid buying on impulse at the bulk store too — just because they sell a lot of it doesn’t mean you’re saving, if you weren’t planning on buying it in the first place.
  31. Avoid trips to the corner store. Or the gas station! These are some of the most expensive stores. (Ranking right up there with airport stores.)
  32. Try co-ops. You can often save a lot of money at these types of places for staples.
  33. Consider shopping at two stores. There’s no store with a monopoly on savings. Each has savings on different items on different weeks. You might switch between two stores on alternate weeks.
  34. Think deep freeze. If you really want to save, you’ll need a big freezer. Ask around — someone you know might have a relatively new model they don’t need anymore. You can use freezers to stock up on meat, frozen veggies, and similar staples, and to freeze big batches of pasta, casseroles, and other dinners you prepare ahead of time.
  35. Use everything possible. Got a bunch of leftover ingredients (half an onion, a bit of tomato, some pasta, a few other veggies?) … combine them for a quick meal, so that these don’t go to waste before your next grocery trip. The more you can stretch the food, and the less you waste, the less you’ll spend in the long run.
  36. Don’t waste leftovers. Have a list on your fridge of what leftovers are in there, so you don’t forget about them. Plan a leftover night or two, so you’re sure to eat them all. Pack them immediately for lunch, so they’re ready to take the next morning.
  37. Don’t buy junk food (or buy as little as possible). Junk food not only costs a lot of money for about zero nutrition, but it makes you and your family fat and kills you. Talk about a bad deal! Opt for fruits and veggies instead.
  38. Rain check. If an item is on sale but the store has run out of stock, ask for a rain check.
  39. Go when the kids are in school. When you bring kids, they will pester you and pester you until you buy some kind of junk food. Even if you’re able to stick to your guns, it’s not pleasant saying no 10 million times. In most cases, you’ll save money shopping without the kids.
  40. Go for whole foods. The processed kind is lacking in nutrition and will make you fat. Look for things in their least processed form — whole grain instead of white or wheat bread, fresh fruit instead of canned or juice, whole grain cereal or oatmeal instead of all other kinds of cereal. You get the idea.
  41. Read labels. Look for trans fat, hydrogenated oils, high amounts of sugar, saturated fat, lots of sodium, cholesterol. Then avoid them like the plague. Look instead for fiber, good fats, protein, vitamins, calcium.
  42. Clean out your fridge. You’ve got stuff growing in there and turning from solids to liquids. The leftovers have begun to organize their own political party. Toss em out and make room for the new.
  43. Stick to your list. Avoid impulse buys. They are almost always bad, and even if it’s just a couple dollars, they will add up to $50-100 for a trip. Over the course of a year, that can mean thousands. Tell yourself you will not buy anything that’s not on your list unless it’s an absolute necessity (why isn’t toilet paper on my darn list?).
  44. Use store savings cards. These can add up to big savings over the long run.
  45. Cut back on your restaurant eating. It’s never cheaper or more nutritious than eating at home. Plan your dinners (see above tip) and bring your lunches to work and save a ton of money.
  46. Avoid frozen dinners or prepared entrees. Again, these cost way more and are usually much less nutritious.
  47. Drink water. If you regularly drink iced tea, Tang, sodas or other types of drinks, cut those out completely and just drink water. It’s much better for you, and much cheaper.
  48. Prepare your grocery list by aisle. If you regularly shop at the same stores, organize your list so that you can easily find and check off items as you walk down the aisle. We always shop from right to left, so we’re not constantly running back and forth in the store.
  49. Get cloth grocery bags. You’ll save tons of plastic over time, and help the environment tremendously.
  50. Pack healthy snacks for the kids. Whole wheat crackers, popcorn, cut-up fruit, raisins, and other kid-friendly snacks are much better than the junk you often see in kids’ lunches. And cheaper

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TIPS FOR SHOPPING



Tip 1: Make the Store Your Last ChoiceMost people's default response is to go to a store anytime they need something, but that's not the only way to obtain a needed item. Ask yourself these questions:

Can I get it for free?If you don't need something right away, and you usually don't, it's worth searching on community ad sites like Craigslist or Kijiji, signing up with some local Freecycle groups, and asking around to see if anyone you know is getting rid of whatever you want.

Can I borrow it?
This tactic can be a great money-saver for any item that you use infrequently or will only need to use once. For example, if you only need to use a drill once a year when you change apartments and have to reinstall your curtain rods, you can get by with borrowing a drill from someone else. Many home improvement stores even have tools you can rent. Likewise, instead of spending money on the newest bestseller novel that you will probably only read once, head down to your local library and see if you can borrow the book.

Tip 2: Negotiate When Possible
Some prices are set in stone, and it's a waste of time trying to negotiate with someone who won't budge. However, when you think there's some wiggle room, consider these strategies:

Can I negotiate a lower price?
While you probably can't negotiate the price on many items, like new DVDs or a package of gum, there are plenty of situations where you can negotiate, even in a retail store. For example, if an item is cosmetically damaged, a store may be willing to offer a small discount because that blemished items tend to be more difficult to sell. If a salesperson wants you to buy a bunch of extras with a new computer or cell phone plan, ask for a discount - the salesperson they may be allowed to offer discounts in order to close the deal on big-ticket purchases. Of course, if you're buying an item from a private party, you can always negotiate. Also, you probably already know not to automatically pay the sticker price on a car or house, because negotiation is standard practice on these major purchases and the sticker price is generally higher than the real amount the seller will accept.

Can I barter?
Barter can be difficult because many people are not accustomed to doing it and it's hard to find someone who wants the service or goods you have to offer in exchange for the what another person is selling. If you have some valuable products or services to offer, however, and you're purchasing from a private party, it's worth asking. Even if the other party isn't willing to barter for the entire item, he or she may be willing to at least reduce the price in exchange for an hour of your expertise.

Tip 3: Time Your Purchase
If you wait to purchase something until you really need it, you're likely to pay the sticker price, but with a little advanced planning, you can save big bucks.

Will this item go on sale?If you want an electronic good, you will probably have to wait patiently after it is introduced - a sale will emerge once a newer model comes out or the regular price will drop as supply increases and demand drops. As new items become more popular, even if they don't officially go on sale, you may be able to get a good deal on eBay. Certain everyday items, like groceries, toiletries and cosmetics, will always go on sale sooner or later, providing an opportunity for you to stock up when your favorite brands are priced at a discount. For anyone who doesn't closely follow the latest fashion trends, clothes are best purchased during end-of-season sales, even if it means you don't get much use out of them until the following year.

Might there be a coupon for this item somewhere?

Combine sales with coupons, and you'll save even more. For the internet-savvy, eBay can be a great source of coupons, such as 10 buy-one-get-one-free coupons (abbreviated B1G1 in eBay lingo) of your favorite deodorant. The coupons might cost you $2.50 total including postage, but if you use all 10 of them, your net savings on a $3 stick of deodorant will be at least $27.50 plus tax. If you have time to look through a few pages of content, then sites that offer free printable coupons, like Coupons.com could be a good option for you too.

When shopping online, search for the store's name plus "coupon code" before making a purchase. Many sites will advertise coupon codes to help give consumers a break. Sometimes you'll enter coupon codes to no avail, but sometimes you'll get lucky and get some savings like $5 off shipping fees or 20% off your entire purchase. It's always worth taking a few minutes to look.

Can I get a better price somewhere else?
It's usually a bad idea to buy an item at the first place you see it because it's very likely it is cheaper somewhere else. For expensive purchases where you have a lot to gain by comparing prices, and for situations, like online shopping, where it's extremely easy to compare prices, the savings you'll achieve are worth the extra time and effort. However, if you don't stand to save much or are likely to waste a lot of time, gas and money by shopping around, don't bother. If you're pressed for time, you can avoid shopping around altogether by making a habit of doing all of your shopping at stores that regularly offer bargain prices, and you'll be confident that you're already getting a good deal.

Tip 4: SubstituteIf the item you want to buy doesn't quite fit into your budget, think about similar but less expensive alternatives.

Is there something that doesn't cost as much, but does the job I need it to? Figuring out the real reason behind a pending purchase can help you brainstorm ways to achieve the same result more affordably. For example, if you're worried about being bored during a long flight, you may want to buy a $125 spare battery for your laptop so you can get some work done. In this case, your main concern isn't really getting more work done, but rather finding a way to occupy your time. Instead of buying that extra battery, you could use your laptop on the most energy-efficient setting until the battery runs out, and then spend the rest of the flight reading a library book.

Do I really want this?
Wish lists can go a long way toward preventing impulse buying. By keeping a never-ending wish list, a person is less likely to buy items that have not been contemplated for at least a month, which provides sufficient time to decide whether the item is a necessity or just a want.

If the mere prospect of saving money isn't enough incentive, consider the opportunity cost of buying an item. Maybe that new suit or purse isn't worth it when you could use the money toward going on a vacation.

Tip 5: Expand Your Shopping Universe
If you normally head straight to your favorite website, specialty store, or the mall when you need to buy something, consider these other shopping options that can save you a great deal of money:

Is someone personally selling what I need?
Garage sales, moving sales and estate sales tend to offer all types of merchandise at much lower than retail prices. You are most likely to benefit from this type of shopping experience for items that are not necessarily needed right away. For example, goods like canning jars, dishes or a jewelry organizer. This can also apply to more practical goods as well. However, don't expect to find absolutely everything at these sales, but do check them out from time to time to add value to your shopping budget.

Does it make sense to buy this item in bulk?

Consider big box discounters as a source for the same products you normally buy at more expensive, specialized stores. You may not have ever thought of the drugstore as a specialty store, but when you start comparing their regular prices to those of discount stores like Target and Costco, you might change your mind. Even on inexpensive items like shampoo and toothpaste, drugstore prices can be significantly higher. As an added bonus, you can knock out several visits to smaller stores with one visit to a big box store, which also saves you time. But keep in mind that it doesn't always make sense to buy in bulk. Stores like Costco and Sam's Club charge annual membership fees that can easily offset your annual savings, and many people can't use up an extra-large container of pretzels before they get stale.

Checkout Time

The ideas presented in this article might seem excessively frugal to some, but when you cut costs in lots of little ways, you can achieve big savings without making big sacrifices. Even thinking about how to save money on relatively minor purchases, like cans of soda or packs of gum, can result in significant savings when you buy these items habitually. It doesn't take much time or energy to get into the habit of considering your purchases more carefully. You may not always make the choice that will save you the most money, and instead opt for convenience, but at least you will have made a conscious and well-informed decision toward that purchase

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SARAN TEMPAT BELANJA


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tips berbelanja online yang aman

seiring berkembangnya zaman, semua harus serba praktis dan cepat, bgitu pula dengan berbelanja. Kebanyakan orang kini memilih untuk melakukan transaksi belanja melalui media internet. Nah hr ini aq mau bahas tentang gmna sih cara berbelanja online yang aman.., mudah"an beberapa tips ini bisa membantu...

  1. Lakukan pengamatan atau riset mengenai alamat situs yang menyediakan toko online, anda bisa cek alamat,kontak person,YM,dll.
  2.  Jangan terlalu mudah memberikan data pribadi anda,seperti KTP,SIM,Kartu Kredit,ATM,Rekening,dan Nomor HP anda.
  3. Ada baikknya anda juga cek harga yang tertulis di website dengan yang ada di toko kota anda. Lihat perbandingan harganya, terpaut jauh atau tidak.
  4. Setiap situs toko online pastinya mempunyai kebijakan/peraturan, perhatikan dengan teliti mengenai maksud dan isinya. Tanyakan juga kalau perlu jika barang cacat sampai diterima itu bagaimana kebijaksanaannya.
  5. Gunakan password yang berbeda di setiap transaksi, hal ini untuk mengantisipasi adanya pencurian data.
  6. Tanyakan apakah system belanjanya ada bukti yang dikirim via email dan print.
  7. Pada saat anda klik order/beli , perhatikan pada browser bar, apakah ada gambar tanda seperti kunci gembok/scure, hal ini penting karena merupakan jalur aman ( scure area )
  8. Dalam transaksi biasanya tiap toko online akan menawarkan berbagai cara, contoh via : kartu kredit,Paypal,Transfer langsung via bank,dll. jika anda belum berpengalaman lebih baik menggunakan transfer langsung. Sekarang ini cara yang kurang aman adalah dengan Kartu Kredit.
  9. Untuk belanja online area internasional, lebih baik gunakan PayPal
  10. Selalu bersihkan data chace komputer/temporary yang anda gunakan untuk belanja online, hal ini untuk menghapus semua data yang telah anda kirimkan ke toko online tersebut.
  11. Pastikan untuk lebih aman, pada waktu terjadi transaksi, pada alamat web menjadi https://
  12. Selalu update data software anti virus di komputer.

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DYTOSHARE™ : Free Download Software Full Version: RPG Maker VX Ace 1.01a - Precracked

DYTOSHARE™ : Free Download Software Full Version: RPG Maker VX Ace 1.01a - Precracked: Anda pasti tau game RPG kan? RPG Banyak disajikan baik dalam bentuk sederhana maupun dalam bentuk yang lebih mantap. Nah, disini saya akan...

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DYTOSHARE™ : Free Download Software Full Version: Android Ice Cream Sandwich Skin Pack 3.0 for Windo...

DYTOSHARE™ : Free Download Software Full Version: Android Ice Cream Sandwich Skin Pack 3.0 for Windo...: Sebenernya skinpack itu freeware, cuma yang saya share disini yang kiranya bagus bagus aja. Hehehe,,, Karena saya tertarik sama android, jad...

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DYTOSHARE™ : Free Download Software Full Version: Guitar Pro 6.1.1 r10791 - Full Version

DYTOSHARE™ : Free Download Software Full Version: Guitar Pro 6.1.1 r10791 - Full Version: Guitar Pro 6.1.1, siapa yang tidak tahu software yang satu ini. Software guitar ini sudah lama merilis versi terbarunya yaitu versi 6.1....

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lirik lagu someone like you

I heard
That you're settled down
That you
Found a girl
And you're
Married now

I heard
That your dreams came true.
Guess she gave you things
I didn't give to you

Old friend
Why are you so shy?
Ain't like you to hold back
Or hide from the light

I hate to turn up out of the blue uninvited
But I couldn't stay away, I couldn't fight it.
I had hoped you'd see my face and that you'd be reminded
That for me it isn't over

Never mind
I'll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
"Don't forget me," I begged
"I'll remember," you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love
But sometimes it hurts instead."
Sometimes it lasts in love
But sometimes it hurts instead,
Yeah.

You know how the time flies
Only yesterday
It was the time of our lives
We were born and raised
In a summer haze
Bound by the surprise
Of our glory days

I hate to turn up out of the blue uninvited
But I couldn't stay away, I couldn't fight it.
I had hoped you'd see my face and that you'd be reminded
That for me it isn't over.

Never mind
I'll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
"Don't forget me," I begged
"I'll remember," you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love
But sometimes it hurts instead."

Nothing compares
No worries or cares
Regrets and mistakes
They are memories made.
Who would have known
How bittersweet this would taste?

Never mind
I'll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
"Don't forget me," I begged
"I'll remember," you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love
But sometimes it hurts instead"

Never mind
I'll find someone like you
I wish nothing but the best for you too
"Don't forget me," I begged
"I'll remember," you said
"Sometimes it lasts in love
But sometimes it hurts instead"

Sometimes it lasts in love
But sometimes it hurts instead

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sejarah COKLAT


Cokelat adalah sebutan untuk hasil olahan makanan atau minuman dari biji kakao. Cokelat umumnya diberikan sebagai hadiah atau bingkisan di hari raya. Dengan bentuk, corak, dan rasa yang unik, cokelat sering digunakan sebagai ungkapan terima kasih, simpati, atau perhatian. Bahkan sebagai pernyataan cinta.
Cokelat juga telah menjadi salah satu rasa yang paling populer di dunia, selain sebagai cokelat batangan yang paling umum dikonsumsi, cokelat juga menjadi bahan minuman hangat dan dingin.
Sejarah cokelat
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hot_chocolate.jpg/220px-Hot_chocolate.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.19/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Segelas cokelat panas. Menurut sejarahnya Cokelat pada awalnya diminum dan tidak dimakan.
Cokelat dihasilkan dari kakao (Theobroma cacao) yang diperkirakan mula-mula tumbuh di daerah Amazon utara sampai ke Amerika Tengah. Mungkin sampai ke Chiapas, bagian paling selatan Meksiko. Orang-orang Olmec memanfaatkan pohon dan, mungkin juga, membuat “cokelat” di sepanjang pantai teluk di selatan Meksiko. Dokumentasi paling awal tentang cokelat ditemukan pada penggunaannya di sebuah situs pengolahan cokelat di Puerto Escondido, Honduras sekitar 1100 -1400 tahun SM [1]. Residu yang diperoleh dari tangki-tangki pengolahan ini mengindikasikan bahwa awalnya penggunaan kakao tidak diperuntukkan untuk membuat minuman saja, namun selput putih yang terdapat pada biji kokoa lebih condong digunakan sebagai sumber gula untuk minuman beralkohol.
Residu cokelat yang ditemukan pada tembikar yang digunakan oleh suku Maya kuno di Río Azul, Guatemala Utara, menunjukkan bahwa Suku Maya meminum cokelat di sekitar tahun 400 SM. Peradaban pertama yang mendiami daerah Meso-Amerika itu mengenal pohon “kakawa” yang buahnya dikonsumsi sebagai minuman xocolātl yang berarti minuman pahit. Menurut mereka, minuman ini perlu dikonsumsi setiap hari, entah untuk alasan apa. Namun, tampaknya cokelat juga menjadi simbol kemakmuran. Cara menyajikannya pun tak sembarangan. Dengan memegang wadah cairan ini setinggi dada dan menuangkan ke wadah lain di tanah, penyaji yang ahli dapat membuat busa tebal, bagian yang membuat minuman itu begitu bernilai. Busa ini sebenarnya dihasilkan oleh lemak kokoa (cocoa butter) namun kadang-kadang ditambahkan juga busa tambahan. Orang Meso-Amerika tampaknya memiliki kebiasaan penting minum dan makan bubur yang mengandung cokelat. Biji dari pohon kakao ini sendiri sangat pahit dan harus difermentasi agar rasanya dapat diperolah. Setelah dipanggang dan dibubukkan hasilnya adalah cokelat atau kokoa. Diperkirakan kebiasaan minum cokelat suku Maya dimulai sekitar tahun 450 SM - 500 SM. Konon, konsumsi cokelat dianggap sebagai simbol status penting pada masa itu. Suku Maya mengonsumsi cokelat dalam bentuk cairan berbuih ditaburi lada merah, vanila, atau rempah-rempah lain. Minuman Xocoatl juga dipercaya sebagai pencegah lelah, sebuah kepercayaan yang mungkin disebabkan dari kandungan theobromin di dalamnya.
Ketika peradaban Maya klasik runtuh (sekitar tahun 900) dan digantikan oleh bangsa Toltec, biji kokoa menjadi komoditas utama Meso-Amerika. Pada masa Kerajaan Aztec berkuasa (sampai sekitar tahun 1500 SM) daerah yang meliputi Kota Meksiko saat ini dikenal sebagai daerah Meso-Amerika yang paling kaya akan biji kokoa. Bagi suku Aztec biji kokoa merupakan “makanan para dewa” (theobroma, dari bahasa Yunani). Biasanya biji kokoa digunakan dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan dan sebagai hadiah.
Cokelat juga menjadi barang mewah pada masa Kolombia-Meso Amerika, dalam kebudayaan mereka yaitu suku Maya, Toltec, dan Aztec biji kakao (cacao bean) sering digunakan sebagai mata uang [2]. Sebagai contoh suku Indian Aztec menggunakan sistem perhitungan dimana satu ayam turki seharga seratus biji kokoa dan satu buah alpukat seharga tiga biji kokoa [3]
Sementara tahun 1544 M, delegasi Maya Kekchi dari Guatemala yang mengunjungi istana Spanyol membawa hadiah, di antaranya minuman cokelat.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Melted_chocolate.jpg/220px-Melted_chocolate.jpg
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Cokelat cair.
Di awal abad ke-17, cokelat menjadi minuman penyegar yang digemari di istana Spanyol. Sepanjang abad itu, cokelat menyebar di antara kaum elit Eropa, kemudian lewat proses yang demokratis harganya menjadi cukup murah, dan pada akhir abad itu menjadi minuman yang dinikmati oleh kelas pedagang. Kira-kira 100 tahun setelah kedatangannya di Eropa, begitu terkenalnya cokelat di London, sampai didirikan “rumah cokelat” untuk menyimpan persediaan cokelat, dimulai di rumah-rumah kopi. Rumah cokelat pertama dibuka pada 1657.
Pada tahun 1689 seorang dokter dan kolektor bernama Hans Sloane, mengembangkan sejenis minuman susu cokelat di Jamaika dan awalnya diminum oleh suku apothekari, namun minuman ini kemudian dijual oleh Cadbury bersaudara [4].
Semua cokelat Eropa awalnya dikonsumsi sebagai minuman. Baru pada 1847 ditemukan cokelat padat. Orang Eropa membuang hampir semua rempah-rempah yang ditambahkan oleh orang Meso-Amerika, tetapi sering mempertahankan vanila. Juga mengganti banyak bumbu sehingga sesuai dengan selera mereka sendiri mulai dari resep khusus yang memerlukan ambergris, zat warna keunguan berlilin yang diambil dari dalam usus ikan paus, hingga bahan lebih umum seperti kayu manis atau cengkeh. Namun, yang paling sering ditambahkan adalah gula. Sebaliknya, cokelat Meso-Amerika tampaknya tidak dibuat manis.
Cokelat Eropa awalnya diramu dengan cara yang sama dengan yang digunakan suku Maya dan Aztec. Bahkan sampai sekarang, cara Meso-Amerika kuno masih dipertahankan, tetapi di dalam mesin industri. Biji kokoa masih sedikit difermentasikan, dikeringkan, dipanggang, dan digiling. Namun, serangkaian teknik lebih rumit pun dimainkan. Bubuk cokelat diemulsikan dengan karbonasi kalium atau natrium agar lebih mudah bercampur dengan air (dutched, metode emulsifikasi yang ditemukan orang Belanda), lemaknya dikurangi dengan membuang banyak lemak kokoa (defatted), digiling sebagai cairan dalam gentong khusus (conched), atau dicampur dengan susu sehingga menjadi cokelat susu (milk chocolate).
Rasa cokelat
Rasa cokelat masih sulit didefinisikan. Dalam bukunya Kaisar Cokelat (Emperors of Chocolate), Joel Glenn Brenner menggambarkan riset terkini tentang rasanya. Menurutnya rasa cokelat tercipta dari campuran 1.200 macam zat, tanpa satu rasa yang jelas-jelas dominan. Sebagian dari zat itu rasanya sangat tidak enak kalau berdiri sendiri. Karenanya, sampai kini belum ada rasa cokelat tiruan.
Efek psikologis yang terjadi saat menikmati cokelat dikarenakan titik leleh lemak kokoa ini terletak sedikit di bawah suhu normal tubuh manusia. Sebagai ilustrasi, bila anda memakan sepotong cokelat, lemak dari cokelat tersebut akan lumer di dalam mulut. Lumernya lemak kokoa menimbulkan rasa lembut yang khas dimulut, riset terakhir dari BBC mengindikasikan bahwa lelehnya cokelat di dalam mulut meningkatkan aktivitas otak dan debaran jantung yang lebih kuat daripada aktivitas yang dihasilkan dari ciuman mulut ke mulut, dan juga akan terasa empat kali lebih lama bahkan setelah aktivitas ini berhenti [5].

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GANGGUAN GINJAL

hey guys, q punya info dkit nih, mudah"an bermanfaat yah...


1. Pyelonephritis
Infeksi dan peradangan jaringan ginjal dan renal pelvis (ruang yang terbentuk dari perluasan ujung atas ureter tubulus yang menyalurkan urin ke kandung kemih). Infeksi ini biasanya disebabkan karena bakteri. Kelainan ginjal yang paling sering terjadi, pyelonephritis dapat menjadi kronis dan akut.
Pyelonephritis yang sudah akut biasanya menyerang satu daerah pada ginjal, dan tidak menyerang bagian yang lain. Pada banyak kasus, pyelonephritis dapat berkembang tanpa adanya penyebab yang jelas. Gangguan pada aliran darah atau urin, dapat membuat ginjal lebih mudah terserang infeksi, dan penumpukan kotoran pada ujung urethra juga diperkirakan meningkatkan kasus penyakit pada bayi (urethra merupakan saluran urin dari kandung kemih keluar). Wanita dapat mengalami cedera saluran kencing pada saat berhubungan atau kehamilan, dan kateterisasi (pengeluaran urin secara mekanik) dapat menyebabkan infeksi.

2. Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis, penyakit ginjal lain yang sering terjadi, ditandai dengan peradangan sebagian glomeruli ginjal. Kondisi ini dapat terjadi ketika sistem imun tubuh lumpuh. Antibodi dan zat-zat lainnya membentuk partikel dalam aliran darah yang terjebak dalam glomeruli. Hal ini menyebabkan peradangan dan membuat glomeruli tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Gejala dari penyakit ini bisa termasuk darah dalam urin, pembengkakan jaringan tubuh, dan adanya protein dalam urin, dalam hasil tes laboratorium. Glomerulonephritis bisa sembuh sendiri tanpa pengobatan. Jika pengobatan diperlukan, dapat dilakukan diet khusus, obat-obatan pencegah kekebalan (immunosuppressant), atau plasmapheresis (pemisahan plasma dari darah), suatu prosedur untuk membuang bagian darah yang mengandung antibodi.
Glomerulonephritis merupakan kelainan yang dikenal dengan nephritis, atau penyakit Bright. Bagian utama yang terserang penyakit ini adalah pembuluh darah dalam bongkah glumerular. Imbuhan “-itis” menandakan luka peradangan, dan glomerulonephritis memang berhubungan dengan infeksi, dalam arti kata sempit, penyakit ini menyerang setelah adanya infeksi bakteri streptococcal dan kemudian semakin berat karena berbagai macam infeksi lainnya. Namun demikian, terdapat bukti yang meyakinkan bahwa glomerulonephritis bukan merupakan penyakit yang menyerang ginjal secara langsung karena satu penyebab infeksi. Penyakit ini lebih kepada kelainan sistem kekebalan tubuh, dimana pembentukan antibodi sebagai respon dari adanya protein asing (antigen) ditempat lain dalam tubuh. Hal ini mengakibatkan terbentuknya antigen-antibodi kompleks yang tersangkut dalam bongkah glomerular atau pada sedikit kasus, antigen ini menumpuk pada dinding kapiler glomerular. Pada tiap kasus, antibodi atau antigen-antibodi kompleks mencapai ginjal melalui sirkulasi, dan mekanisme ini disebut sebagai penyakit sirkulasi kompleks.

3. Batu Ginjal
Disebut juga Renal Calculus, plural Renal Calculi, terkumpulnya mineral dan benda organik yang terbentuk dalam ginjal. Ada batu yang menjadi demikian besar yang melumpuhkan fungsi ginjal. Urin mengandung banyak garam dalam bentuk larutan dan jika konsentrasi garam mineral menjadi berlebih, kelebihan garam ini mengendap menjadi partikel padat disebut batu ginjal. Batu ginjal diklasifikasikan sebagai primer jika batu tersebut terbentuk tanpa ada sebab yang jelas seperti infeksi atau penyumbatan. Diklasifikasikan sekunder jika berkembang setelah adanya infeksi ginjal atau kelainan.
Beberapa keadaan memperbesar peluang terbentuknya batu ginjal. Baik itu berkurangnya volume cairan atau bertumpuknya mineral cukup membuat terganggunya keseimbangan yang sempurna antara cairan dan larutan yang ada dalam ginjal. Ketika batu mulai berkembang, biasanya ia akan terus tumbuh. Sebuah nukleus dari endapan garam urin bisa merupakan kumpulan bakteri, jaringan yang rusak, sel mati, atau keping darah kecil. Mineral menarik partikel dari luar dan membungkusnya. Pada saat batu bertambah besar, bagian permukaan dapat menjadi tempat bagi mineral lain dan kemudian bertambah besar.
Batu ginjal yang lebih kecil dapat keluar dari badan dengan sendirinya meski akan menimbulkan rasa sakit. Batu yang lebih besar memerlukan pembedahan, atau dapat dipecah menjadi bagian-bagian kecil dengan gelombang suara dalam prosedur yang disebut ultrasonic lithotripsy.

4. Gagal Ginjal
Disebut juga Renal Failure, hilangnya sebagian atau keseluruhan fungsi ginjal. Gagal ginjal digolongkan menjadi akut (ketika serangannya tiba-tiba) atau kronis. Gagal ginjal akut berakibat pada berkurangnya volume urin, kadar zat-zat bernitrogen, potasium, sulfat, dan fosfat diatas normal dalam darah, dan rendahnya kadar sodium, kalsium, dan karbon dioksida darah yang juga jauh dibawah normal. Biasanya orang yang terkena ini sembuh dalam enam minggu atau kurang.
Sebab dari gagal ginjal ini antara lain karena rusaknya tubulus didalam ginjal oleh obat-obatan atau larutan organik seperti karbon tetraklorida, aseton, dan etilen glikol, bersinggungan dengan senyawa logam seperti merkuri, timah, dan uranium. Gagal ginjal dapat pula disebabkan karena cidera fisik atau operasi besar yang membuat kehilangan banyak darah atau juga akibat penyakit yang merusak korteks (bagian luar) dari ginjal. Penyebab lainnya adalah infeksi bakteri berat, diabetes yang merusak medula (bagian dalam) ginjal, dan karena kelebihan garam kalsium dalam ginjal.
Tersumbatnya arteri ginjal, penyakit liver, dan tersumbatnya saluran kencing dapat mengakibatkan gagal ginjal akut; pada situasi yang jarang terjadi, gagal ginjal dapat terjadi tanpa gejala awal. Komplikasi yang timbul dari gagal ginjal termasuk gagal jantung, paru-paru berair, dan bertumbuknya potasium dalam tubuh.
Gagal ginjal kronis biasanya merupakan akibat dari penyakit yang sudah lama diidap oleh ginjal. Pada gagal ginjal kronis darah menjadi lebih asam dibandingkan biasanya dan dapat terjadi hilangnya kalsium dalam tulang. Kerusakan saraf dapat pula terjadi

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